Context

When Pakistan came into existence in 1947, radio was the only state-owned medium for the dissemination of news. Over the next two decades, however, the state came to own and run not only newspapers and magazines but also the

Pakistan is a large and diverse country – with a population of 207 million according to the latest census of 2017. Pakistani news media usually fails to reflect this diversity though. Producers and consumers of the news media contents are

News media in Pakistan has been under siege for some time – both from within and without. It is simultaneously experiencing a state-imposed censorship as well as the one enforced by some non-state actors. On top of all

Pakistan was a middle class and predominantly agricultural country when it gained independence in 1947 from India. Its average economic growth rate in its first five decades (1947–1997) was higher than the growth rate of world

The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees freedom of expression (Article 19) and right to information (Article 19-A) as fundamental rights for all citizens but makes them subject to certain restrictions, which curb open criticism

Since the turn of the new millennium Pakistan has revolutionized itself by way of digital communications. The Growth of telecom and media sectors (about 100 local TV channels and 150 radio stations by start-2019) meet a rapidly growing